{"id":92,"date":"2026-01-27T22:05:28","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T13:05:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.gamtecs.org\/?p=92"},"modified":"2026-02-23T19:24:58","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T10:24:58","slug":"%e5%8c%bf%e5%90%8d%e3%83%8d%e3%83%83%e3%83%88%e3%83%af%e3%83%bc%e3%82%af%e3%83%a2%e3%83%87%e3%83%ab%e3%82%92%e9%87%8f%e5%ad%90%e6%83%85%e5%a0%b1%e3%81%a8%e3%81%97%e3%81%a6%e8%80%83%e3%81%88%e3%82%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.gamtecs.org\/?p=92","title":{"rendered":"\u533f\u540d\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u91cf\u5b50\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u4e0a\u306e\u901a\u4fe1\u3068\u306f\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306b\uff0c\u3042\u308b\u521d\u671f\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u6709\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u7d4c\u8def\u4e0a\u3067\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u64cd\u4f5c\u3092\u53d7\u3051\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3059\u308b\u72b6\u614b\u3078\u3068\u9077\u79fb\u3059\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\uff0e\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8e0f\u307e\u3048\u308c\u3070\uff0c\u3042\u308b\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u8003\u3048\u305f\u6642\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u901a\u4fe1\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306f\u91cf\u5b50\u8ad6\u7406\u56de\u8def\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\uff0cTor\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u533f\u540d\u901a\u4fe1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u30d1\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u6697\u53f7\u5316\u3084\u5fa9\u53f7\u3068\u306f\uff0c\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5931\u308f\u305a\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3057\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5143\u306b\u623b\u305b\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u60c5\u5831\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30e6\u30cb\u30bf\u30ea\u5909\u63db\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3068\u540c\u5f62\u3067\u6709\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\uff0e\u307e\u305f\u6697\u53f7\u30fb\u5fa9\u53f7\u81ea\u4f53\u3092\u65bd\u3059\u30ce\u30fc\u30c9\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u91cf\u5b50\u30b2\u30fc\u30c8\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u3042\u308b\u901a\u4fe1\u30d1\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u91cf\u5b50\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u793a\u3059\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3057\uff0c\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u4e0a\u306e\u5404\u30ce\u30fc\u30c9\u3092\u305d\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u56de\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u308b\u91cf\u5b50\u30b2\u30fc\u30c8\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308c\u3070\uff0c\u901a\u4fe1\u8def\u5168\u4f53\u3092\uff11\u3064\u306e\u5de8\u5927\u306a\u91cf\u5b50\u8ad6\u7406\u56de\u8def\u56f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u5316\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u7a3f\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u3053\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066Onion Routing\u3092\u6570\u7406\u7684\u306b\u518d\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u307e\u305aTor(\u7b46\u982d\u306e\u30aa\u30fc\u30d0\u30ec\u30a4\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af)\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u901a\u4fe1\u306b\u969b\u3057\u3066\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u3092\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3065\u3051\u3088\u3046\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3042\u308b<math data-latex=\"N\"><semantics><mi>N<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">N<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> bit\u306e\u9577\u3055\u3092\u6301\u3064\u901a\u4fe1\u30d1\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u306f\uff0c<math data-latex=\"2^N\"><semantics><msup><mn>2<\/mn><mi>N<\/mi><\/msup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">2^N<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u6b21\u5143\u306eHilbert\u7a7a\u9593\u4e0a\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb<math data-latex=\"\\ket{\\psi}\"><semantics><mpadded><mi>|<\/mi><mi>\u03c8<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><\/mpadded><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\ket{\\psi}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff0e\u3053\u3053\u3067<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mpadded><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e8<\/mo><mi>\u03c8<\/mi><mi>|<\/mi><\/mpadded><mpadded><mi>|<\/mi><mi>\u03c8<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><\/mpadded><mo>=<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\bra{\\psi}\\ket{\\psi}=1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u4e0a\u306e\uff0c\u3042\u308b\u30ce\u30fc\u30c9<math data-latex=\"i\"><semantics><mi>i<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u304c\u884c\u3046\u6697\u53f7\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5fa9\u53f7\u64cd\u4f5c\u306f\uff0c\u3053\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u7a7a\u9593\u4e0a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><math data-latex=\"2^N\"><semantics><msup><mn>2<\/mn><mi>N<\/mi><\/msup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">2^N<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u00d7<math data-latex=\"2^N\"><semantics><msup><mn>2<\/mn><mi>N<\/mi><\/msup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">2^N<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u30e6\u30cb\u30bf\u30ea\u884c\u5217<math data-latex=\"U_i\"><semantics><msub><mi>U<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">U_i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff0eTor\u306e\u307f\u306a\u3089\u305a\uff0c\u5e83\u6c4e\u7684\u306a\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c<math data-latex=\"U_i\"><semantics><msub><mi>U<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">U_i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u3092\u4ee5\u3066\u4efb\u610f\u306eUnitary\u5909\u63db\u3092\u65bd\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u30d1\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u8868\u3059\u72b6\u614b\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3055\u305b\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tor\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308bOnion Routing\u3068\u306f\uff0c\u9001\u4fe1\u8005(\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0cAlice)\u304c\u30d1\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u65bd\u3057\u305f\u591a\u5c64\u6697\u53f7\u3092\u7d4c\u8def\u4e0a\u306e\u5404\u30ce\u30fc\u30c9\u304c\uff0c\u9806\u6b21\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5fa9\u53f7\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3086\u304f\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u6307\u3059\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u306fAlice\u304c\u72b6\u614b\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u56de\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\uff0c\u5404\u30b2\u30fc\u30c8\u3067\u9806\u6b21\u9006\u56de\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u304f\u6d41\u308c\u3068\u7b49\u3057\u3044\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3042\u308b\u5e73\u6587\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092<math data-latex=\"\\ket{m}\"><semantics><mpadded><mi>|<\/mi><mi>m<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><\/mpadded><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\ket{m}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u3068\u3059\u308b\uff0eAlice\u306f\u7d4c\u8def\u4e0a\u306b\u6709\u308b<math data-latex=\"n\"><semantics><mi>n<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">n<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u500b\u306e\u30ce\u30fc\u30c9\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u9375\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u9806\u306bUnitary\u5909\u63db<math data-latex=\"U_i\"><semantics><msub><mi>U<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">U_i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\uff0c\u9001\u4fe1\u30d1\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8<math data-latex=\"\\ket{\\psi_i}\"><semantics><mpadded><mi>|<\/mi><msub><mi>\u03c8<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><\/mpadded><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\ket{\\psi_i}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u3092\u751f\u6210\u3059\u308b\uff08\u591a\u5c64\u6697\u53f7\u5316\u306e\u5b9f\u65bd\uff09\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mi>|<\/mi><msub><mi>\u03c8<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><mo>=<\/mo><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><munderover><mo movablelimits=\"false\">\u220f<\/mo><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><mi>n<\/mi><\/munderover><\/mrow><msub><mi>U<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mi>|<\/mi><mi>m<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">|\\psi_{i}\\rangle = \\left( \\prod_{i=1}^{n} U_i \\right) |m\\rangle<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u30d1\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u304cTor\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3078\u653e\u305f\u308c\u308c\u3070\uff0c\u5404\u30ce\u30fc\u30c9<math data-latex=\"i\"><semantics><mi>i<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u3092\u901a\u904e\u3059\u308b\u3054\u3068\u306b\uff0c\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u9006\u5909\u63db<math data-latex=\"U^\\dag_i\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>U<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><mi>\u2020<\/mi><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">U^\\dag_i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u304c\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff08\u30d1\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u9806\u6b21\u5fa9\u53f7\uff09\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u53d7\u4fe1\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308bBob\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u305f\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb<math data-latex=\"\\ket{\\psi_o}\"><semantics><mpadded><mi>|<\/mi><msub><mi>\u03c8<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><\/mpadded><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\ket{\\psi_o}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\uff0c\u5e73\u6587\u306b\u5fa9\u53f7\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mpadded><mi>|<\/mi><msub><mi>\u03c8<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><\/mpadded><mo>=<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><msubsup><mi>U<\/mi><mi>n<\/mi><mi>\u2020<\/mi><\/msubsup><mtext>\u30fb<\/mtext><mi>.<\/mi><mi>.<\/mi><mi>.<\/mi><mtext>\u30fb<\/mtext><msubsup><mi>U<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><mi>\u2020<\/mi><\/msubsup><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><msub><mi>U<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><\/msub><mtext>\u30fb<\/mtext><mi>.<\/mi><mi>.<\/mi><mi>.<\/mi><mtext>\u30fb<\/mtext><msub><mi>U<\/mi><mi>n<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mpadded><mi>|<\/mi><mi>m<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><\/mpadded><mo>=<\/mo><mi>I<\/mi><mpadded><mi>|<\/mi><mi>m<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><\/mpadded><mo>=<\/mo><mpadded><mi>|<\/mi><mi>m<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u27e9<\/mo><\/mpadded><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\ket{\\psi_o}=(U^\\dag_n\u30fb&#8230;\u30fbU^\\dag_1)(U_1\u30fb&#8230;\u30fbU_n)\\ket{m}=I\\ket{m}=\\ket{m}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>(<math data-latex=\"UU^\\dag=I\"><semantics><mrow><mi>U<\/mi><msup><mi>U<\/mi><mi>\u2020<\/mi><\/msup><mo>=<\/mo><mi>I<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">UU^\\dag=I<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\uff08\u3053\u3053\u3067<math data-latex=\"U^\\dag\"><semantics><msup><mi>U<\/mi><mi>\u2020<\/mi><\/msup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">U^\\dag<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u306f<math data-latex=\"U\"><semantics><mi>U<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">U<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u306e\u5171\u5f79\u8ee2\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c<math data-latex=\"I\"><semantics><mi>I<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">I<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u306f\u5358\u4f4d\u884c\u5217\uff09\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3067\u306f\u3053\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308bUnitary\u5909\u63db\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4e2d\u8eab\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u3088\u3046\uff0eTor\u306f\u6697\u53f7\u65b9\u5f0f\u3068\u3057\u3066AES\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u4e2d\u3067\u3082AES-CTR\u306a\u308b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0eAES-CTR\u306e\u5927\u96d1\u628a\u306a\u51e6\u7406\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u30fb\u91cd\u8907\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5f62\u3067\u751f\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305ftoken\u3067\u3042\u308b&#8221;nonce&#8221;\u3068\uff0c(\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b)\uff11\u3092\u8d77\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u56de\u6570\u3054\u3068\u306b\u30a4\u30f3\u30af\u30ea\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5909\u6570&#8221;counter&#8221;\u3068\u3092AES-ECB\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6697\u53f7\u5316\u3059\u308b\uff0e\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u751f\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6697\u53f7\u6587\u3092key 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